안녕하세요! Let’s study hard together!
Today’s grammar is first, -아/어하다, “seems like /appears (to be),” second, -도록 하다, “to make sure (sub) does ~,” and third -아/어, “because ~, and.”
If you learn today’s grammar, 아/어, you can make a formal sentence like this!
친구를 만나 커피를 마셨다, I met my friend and had coffee.
Here, the sentence became much more formal only by using 만나!
Let’s make sure how to compose this! And, let’s become a super intermediate master and pass TOPIK II level 4! You can accomplish this for sure!
그럼 시작할게요！
-아/어하다
The first grammar, -아/어하다 means “seems like /appears (to be).”
In fact, you already know this grammar.
Do you know 기뻐하다, “to rejoice?”
You learned this word in the Elementary Lesson, didn’t you?
The word 기쁘다 “to be happy” is an adjective and 기뻐하다, “to rejoice” is a verb.
However, you might not have known these grammatical rules to distinguish the two.
As you can see, if you add-아/어하다 to an adjective, you can use it as a verb that expresses what a third person is feeling.
The third person means he, she, or they.
So, you cannot use this about yourself or the listener.
For example,
나는 or 너는 기뻐했어요. is wrong because 나 “I” is the first-person pronoun, and 너 “you” is the second-person pronoun.
The correct sentence would be 그는 or 그녀는 or 그들은 기뻐했어요 because 그는 “he,” or 그녀는 “she,” or 그들은 “they” are all the third-person pronouns.
Do you get it?
Also, you use this grammar to describe feelings.
Therefore, you cannot use this to modify non-emotional adjectives such as 하얗다, “to be white” or 멋있다, “to be cool.”
To apply this grammar, you make the 요 form of an adjective, omit 요 from it, goodbye 요, and add 하다 instead.
For example, what is the 요 form of 기쁘다, “to be happy?”3, 2, 1 It’s 기뻐요, right?
You omit 요 from it and add 하다 to make 기뻐하다, “to rejoice.”
Then, let’s read a sample sentence using 아/어하다!
요새 여자 친구가 저를 귀찮아하는 것 같아요.
Recently, I think my girlfriend felt I was burdensome.
Wow! This is a crisis.
It looks like this guy needs to treat his girlfriend better.
Anyway, here, 귀찮다 is “to feel burdensome.” The 요 form is 귀찮아요.
So, you omit 요 from it and add 하다 to make 귀찮아하다, “to feel burdensome.”
Here, you want to express the feelings of the third person.
In this case, it is 여자친구, “a girlfriend.” She is the one who is feeling burdensome.
Therefore, you use 귀찮아하다, not 귀찮다. OK?
For the next sample sentence, I’ll read it like a newscaster would.
고령화 사회에서 고령자들이 외로워하는 문제는 가장 해결하기 어렵습니다.
The problem of loneliness among elderly people is the most challenging to solve.
Did I sound like a newscaster? Anyway, Here, 외롭다 is “to be lonely.” The 요 form is 3, 2, 1 ! 외로워요.Yes!!!
So, you omit 요 from it and add 하다 to make 외로워하다, “to feel lonely.”
OK?
Quiz
Then, let’s master-아/어하다 with some simple quizzes. Which one is the correct answer?
여자 친구는 생일 선물로 비싼 목걸이를 ( ).
My girlfriend wanted an expensive necklace for her birthday gift.
(1)갖고 싶어요 (2)갖고 싶어 했어요
The correct answer is number two.
갖고 싶다 means “to want.” What is the 요 form???
삼, 이, 일!! Yes! It is 갖고 싶어요. You omit 요 from it and add -어 하다 to make 갖고 싶어 하다, “(she) wants ~.”
Number one 갖고 싶어요 means “want to have.”
You use this for the first and the second -person pronouns. That’s why it is incorrect.
Then, let’s read it together!
여자 친구는 생일 선물로 비싼 목걸이를 (갖고 싶어 했어요).
Please read this sentence to convey his feelings. Then, let’s try the next quiz!
제가 시험에 떨어졌다는 말을 어머니께 했더니 어머니는 ( ).
When I told my mother that I failed the exam, she became sad.
(1)슬퍼하셨어요 (2)슬펐어요
The correct answer is number one.
슬프다 is “to be sad.” The 요 form is 3, 2, 1!
슬퍼요.
Right?
You omit 요 from 슬퍼요 to make 슬퍼 and add – 하다 to make 슬퍼하다, “to become sad.”
But if you stop here, it doesn’t sound like Korean because you didn’t use the honorific form.
In Korean, you use honorifics for people who are older than you like your mother. So, you will use 슬퍼하시다, “to become sad.”
You will change this to the past tense to make 슬퍼하셨어요, “became sad.”
Number two 슬펐어요 is close, but wrong.
Like the previous quiz, you can use this for the first and the second-person pronouns.
Do you get it?
Then, let’s read it together!
제가 시험에 떨어졌다는 말을 어머니께 했더니 어머니는 (슬퍼하셨어요).
Please read this sentence as if you were a Korean student.
-도록 하다
Now, let’s see the second grammar!
-도록 sounds cute because it is like the sound of a horse going “trot, trot, trot.” 도록, 도록, 도록, right？
Anyway, this grammar has two meanings.
The first meaning indicates a clear goal or purpose.
In this case, you use 도록 하다, “to make sure (sub) does ~.”
In other words, you use this to nudge the listener to do something.
For example,
심한 독감에 걸렸으니까 3일 정도는 약을 꼭 먹도록 하세요.
You’ve got a bad flu, so make sure to take medicine for three days.
In this sentence, the speaker is nudging the lister to take medicine, right?
The second meaning is, “to the point where ~.”
You can express a method, time limit, or degree related to the action stated in the following clause.
For example, in Korean dramas, an actress would say, 오빠, 죽도록 사랑해! “Oppa, I love you to the point where I can die for you!”
Wow!! This sentence is very extreme.
Likewise, 죽도록, “to the point where I can die” expresses the degree she can go for 오빠. Right? So, she is using 도록.
Since there are two meanings for this grammar, you need to judge the meaning by context.
For the first usage, “to make sure (sub) does”, you only add -도록 하다 to a verb stem. Oh, this part is a piece of cake !! 냠냠냠!!
Therefore, 가다 will be 가도록 하다 “make sure (sub) goes.” And 먹다 “to eat” will be 먹도록 하다 “make sure (sub) eats.”
If you want to make the second one, “ to the point where ~,” you just add 도록 to a verb stem.
OK?
Then, let’s read “trot trot” 도록, 도록 in a sample sentence.
내일까지 우리 회사에 귀사 상품이 도착할 수 있도록 해 주세요.
By tomorrow, please make sure your product will arrive at my company.
Here,도착할 수 있다 means “to be able to arrive.” You add 도록 하다 to the stem to make 도착할 수 있도록 하다, “to make sure (your product) will be able to arrive.”
In this sentence, “will be able to arrive” sounds strange in Englishn, so I changed it as “will arrive.”
In this sample sentence, this word has the first meaning, “to make sure (sub) does ~.”
Because the speaker is nudging the listener to take an action.
The next sentence also uses the first meaning “to make sure (sub) does ~.”
Let’s read it.
앞으로는 실수하지 않도록 하세요.
Try not to make a mistake next time.
A Korean boss might say this phrase, right?
Here, 실수 하지 않다 is “not to make a mistake.” You add 도록 하다 to the stem to make 실수 하지 않도록 하다, “to make sure not to make a mistake.”
In the next sample sentence, we use the second meaning, “to the point where.”
Let’s check it out!
어제 친구와 노래방에서 목이 쉬도록 노래를 불렀어요.
Yesterday, I went to karaoke and sang to the point where I lost my voice.
I can imagine the speaker being so excited when singing, right?
Here, 목이 쉬다 means “to lose one’s voice.”
You add 도록 to the stem to make 목이 쉬도록 “to the point where I lost my voice.”
It is going beyond one’s limitation to the point of losing one’s voice.
So, the speaker uses 도록. Crystal Clear?
Quiz
Now, let’s deepen our understanding of “trot trot” by taking some quizzes. Which one is the correct answer?
1．이번에는 봐 주지만 다시는 ( ) 해.
I will forgive you this time, but make sure you never lie to me again.
(1)거짓말하도록 (2)거짓말하지 않도록
The correct answer is number two.
Here, 거짓말하지 않다 means “to never lie.”
You add -도록 하다 to the stem to make 거짓말하지 않도록 하다, “to make sure (sub) never lies.”
In this sentence, this phrase has the first meaning because the speaker is asking the other person not to lie to him/her.
Number one is wrong because 거짓말하도록 means “to make sure (someone) lies.” Oh, no!! It shouldn’t be the right answer.
Then, let’s read the sentence together!
이번에는 봐 주지만 다시는 (거짓말하지 않도록) 해.
Please read with the feeling of warning the listener.
In the next sample sentence, the word emphasizes an extreme situation. Let’s see it!
2. 어제 눈이 ( ) 일을 했지만 아직도 일이 끝나지 않았어요.
Yesterday, I worked to the point where my eyes hurt, but I haven’t finished my work yet.
(1)아파하도록 (2)아프도록
The correct answer is number two.
Here, 눈이 아프다 is “to hurt eyes.” You add -도록 to the stem to make 눈이 아프도록, “to the point where my eyes hurt.” The speaker is emphasizing his/her limitation, “I worked to the point where my eyes hurt!”
Number one, 아파하도록 is wrong because you cannot use 아파하다 for the first-person pronoun.
Then, let’s read the sentence together with the feeling of, “Let me rest! It’s too hard!”
어제 눈이 (아프도록) 일을 했지만 아직도 일이 끝나지 않았어요.
If you have a Korean boss, you might wanna use this.
-아/어
Now, let’s learn our last grammar, -아/어, which is super easy!
Since you are all intermediate learners, you already learned -아/어서, “because ~, and” in the elementary lesson.
I am assuming that no one will say,“(Madam butterfly) I have not learned it!”
I hope not.
Anyway, 아/어 is the abbreviated version of -아/어서.
So, you can use this in places where you can use -아/어서.
For your information, you use -아/어서 in both writing and conversation.
On the other hand, 아/어 is more suitable for writing. OK?
In addition, 아/어 fits well with formal style endings such as 한다 form or 합니다 form.
To apply this grammar, first, you make the 요 form of a verb and omit 요. Goodbye 요. That’s it!! Wow!! This part was extremely easy!!
Therefore,
가다 will be 가 “because (I) go.”
And 먹다 will be
먹어 “because (I) eat.”
Now. let’s read 아/어 in a sample sentence.
어젯밤에 책을 너무 많이 읽어 지금 눈이 침침하다.
Because I read so much last night, my eyes feel blurry now.
Here, 읽다 is “to read.” The 요 form is … 3,2,1! 읽어요.
Yes!! You omit 요 from this to make 읽어, “because (sub) read.”
In this sentence, it ends with 한다 form, which is 침침하다, “to feel blurry,” because 아/어 sounds forml.
Let’s read another one like a news anchor!
환경 오염이 심각해져 더 이상 강물에서 놀 수 없게 되었습니다.
Because environmental pollution has become serious, we can no longer play in rivers.
Oh, no!!!!
This is a very sad sentence.
Anyway, here, 심각해지다 means “to become serious.” The 요 form is 심각해져요. You omit 요 to make 심각해져, “because (it) has become serious.”
Can you feel the formal atmosphere?
Quiz
Now. let’s deepen your understanding with some simple quizzes. Which one is the correct answer?
1. 출장간 곳에서 문제가 ( ) 그 날은 회사로 돌아올 수 없었다.
Because an issue arose during a business trip, I could not come back to the office that day.
(1)생기고 (2)생겨
The correct answer is number two.
문제가 생기다 means “ issue arises.” The 요 form is 문제가 생겨요.
You omit 요 from this to make 문제가 생겨, “because an issue arose.”
Number one 생기고 means “arise and,” right? It doesn’t express the reason.
Then, let’s read the sentence together!
출장간 곳에서 문제가 (생겨) 그 날은 회사로 돌아올 수 없었다.
Please read this as if you are writing it in your journal.
Let’s try the next quiz!
2. 시험문제가 너무 ( ) 시험을 도중에 포기하는 학생들도 있었다.
Because problems in the examination were very difficult, there were students who gave up in the middle.
(1)어려워 (2)난이도가 낮아
The correct answer is number one.
I wonder if they left the classroom panicking because the problems were too difficult.
Anyway, here, 어렵다 is “to be difficult.” The 요 form is 어려워요.
You omit 요 from this to make 어려워, “because (sub) was difficult.”
Number two 난이도가 낮아 means “because its level is low,” which is opposite from the text.
Then, let’s read the sentence together!
시험문제가 너무 (어려워) 시험을 도중에 포기하는 학생들도 있었다.
Please read this sentence by imagining a buzzing classroom due to the difficult exam problems.
Homework
Now, I will tell you today’s saying. You can spot today’s grammar!
파도의 흐름은 바꿀 수 없어도
목적지에 도달하도록
돛의 방향은 바꿀 수 있다.
Even if you can’t change the flow of the waves
To reach the destination
You can change the direction of the sail
Wow!! I love this sentence! Let’s focus on what you can do, instead of what you cannot do. OK?
Then, I will announce the homework! There are two parts to the homework. First, please make three sentences using today’s grammar.
For the first sentence, please use -아/어하다 “seems like /appears (to be).”
For example,
아이가 그렇게 에버랜드에 가고 싶어 하니까 한번 가요.
Since my children desperately want to go to Everland, let’s go once.
I want to go to Everland, too!
To get back on track, for the second sentence, please use -도록 하다, “to make sure (sub) does ~.”
For example,
앞으로는 밥 먹기 전에 꼭 손을 씻도록 하세요.
From now on, before eating a meal, please make sure you wash your hands.
Oh, you can feel how the speaker was irritated by the person who does not wash his hands before a meal.
For the third sentence, please make a sophisticated sentence by using -아/어, “because ~, and.”
Remember that this grammar fits with formal endings such as 한다 or 합니다 forms.
For example,
그 당시 나의 회사 일은 너무 힘들어 집에 가면 바로 잠이 들었다.
Because my job at that time in my company was very rough, I fell asleep as soon as I got home.
The second homework is to memorize new words. Please memorize the forty words from number 1881 to number 1920 on page 24 in the intermediate vocabulary list. There is a vocabulary quiz of forty words on my website, so just feel free to try it. The link is in the description box.
That’s all for today! Great job, everyone. I am determined to create videos for all your benefit. Let’s work hard together!
그럼 오늘도 행복 가득, 웃음 가득한 하루 되세요！ 한국어 화이팅, 화이팅, 화이팅！！
あああ
