[Learn Korean E24] Honorifics, -(으)시, -(으)세요

안녕하세요. 토미입니다.
Let’s have fun learning the inspiring language of Korean!

The theme of today’s class is 할머니께서는 잘 지내세요? “How is your grandmother?”

In today’s class, we will learn honorifics such as
① –께, –께서는, –께서
② –(으)시
③ –(으)세요

I am talking about hardcore grammar terms from the beginning.

After today’s lesson, you can express respect to someone like your parents, your boss, or older people.
And in Korea, it’s essential.

By learning these, I’m sure you can reach the TOPIK Level you aim for and become a master of Korean!

그럼 시작할게요!
https://youtu.be/uu9W2qmuqU8

Listen to the Conversation

The theme of today’s conversation is 할머니께서는 잘 지내세요? Tammy is asking Sangmin if his grandmother is doing well.

What will Sangmin say?
First, let’s listen to the conversation with English subtitles.

그럼 들어보세요！

• 토미：상민 씨 할머니께서는 한국에서 잘 지내세요?
  Tammy： Sangmin, is your grandmother doing well in Korea?
• 상민：네. 올해 74 살이 되시고 아주 건강하세요.
  Sangmin： Yes. She is 74 years old this year and is in very good health.
• 토미：역시 건강이 무엇보다 중요하죠.
  Tammy： After all, health is the most important thing, isn’t it?
• 상민：맞아요. 토미 씨 부모님께서는 잘 계세요?
  Sangmin： That’s right. How are your parents doing, Tammy?
• 토미：네. 두 분 다 잘 계세요. 매주 월요일마다 노래방에서 노래도 힘차게 부르세요.
  Tammy： Yes. Both are doing well. Every Monday, they sing songs at Karaoke with lots of energy.

Vocabulary and Phrases

Both grandparents seem to be in very good health.
I will explain the vocabulary and phrases one sentence at a time.

• 토미：상민 씨 할머니께서는 한국에서 잘 지내세요?

할머니 is “grandmother.”
Since I mentioned “grandmother,” let me briefly introduce how to call family members in Korean.
First of all, 할아버지 is “grandfather,” 아버지 is “father,” 아빠 is “dad/daddy,” 어머니 is “mother,” and 엄마 is “mom/mommy.”

The word 잘 지내다 means “to be well,” and you can use it in a greeting such as 잘 지내세요? “How are you?”

• 상민：네. 올해 74 살이 되시고 아주 건강하세요.

건강하다 means “to be healthy.”
When you say 건강하세요, it can be a greeting, which means “Please stay well (healthy).”

• 토미：역시 건강이 무엇보다 중요하죠.

In lesson #18, we learned that noun +보다 means “~more than something.”
When you combine it with 무엇 “what,” it becomes 무엇보다 “more~ than anything else.”
So you can memorize it as a phrase.
For example, 저에게는 무엇보다 가족이 소중합니다 means “To me, family is more important than anything.”

• 상민：맞아요. 토미 씨 부모님께서는 잘 계세요?

부모님 is “parents.”
When you say 조부모님, it means “grandparents.”

Did you notice that ~님 is at the end of both words?
Korea has a culture of adding ~님 to older people to show respect.
So, that’s why we say 부모님 and 조부모님.

잘 있다 and 잘 지내다 are synonyms, and both mean “to be well.”
The polite form is 잘 계세요? “Are you doing well?,” which means “How are you?”

• 토미：네. 두 분 다 잘 계세요.

두 분 is composed of “native number + 분,” which directly translates to “two people.”
However, unlike English, Koreans have a polite way of counting numbers, such as 한 분, 두 분 instead of 한 명, 두 명.
Both mean “one person, two people” in English.
But, when you count the number of parents or someone older than you, you use 한 분, 두 분 in Korea.

The word 다 means “all.”
In today’s conversation, 두 분 다 means “all of my parents,” which means “both parents.”

• 토미：매주 월요일마다 노래방에서 노래도 힘차게 부르세요.

마다 means “every~,” so 월요일마다 means “every Monday.”

노래방 is “Karaoke,” and it is a word made up of 노래 “song” and 방 “room.”

힘차게 means “energetically,” and if you say 힘차게 시작합니다, it means “I’ll be starting energetically!”

노래 부르다 means “to sing a song,” and it is a synonym for 노래하다.
If I say, 노래를 한 곡 부르겠습니다, it means “I will sing a song.”

Grammar

Let’s understand what “honorifics” mean.

The definition of honorifics is the polite way of saying.
Korean people use honorifics when talking to someone who deserves respect, such as their parents, customers, boss, etc.

In the conversation, Tammy and Sangmin are talking about their grandparents.
In this conversation, even though you are not talking to an older person, you use honorifics if you are talking about an older person.

Honorific particles: 께서는/께서/께

Nouns + 께서는
Nouns + 께서
Nouns + 께

We have previously learned that particles come after nouns, like the subject marker 이/가 and the topic marker 은/는.

In English, particles do not have honorific expressions, but in Korean, even particles do.

This part is very unique to Korean culture.

I was shocked when I first learned it.
And I was even more surprised that people still actually use them in their daily lives.

And if you don’t know how to use a proper honorific particle when referring to someone older than you, you will sound unnatural or even rude.

You don’t want to be rude in Korea, right?

Korean has three honorific particles.

1. ‘은/는’(the topic marker) becomes ‘께서는.’
2. ‘이/가’(the subject marker) changes to ‘께서.’
3. ‘에게(to~)’ becomes ‘께’

You can connect all of them to a noun regardless of whether a noun has a final consonant.
So, it is pretty straightforward. Let’s go through them one by one.

① 은/는 “the topic marker” changes to 께서는.

• 할머니께서는 한국에서 잘 지내세요?
  Is your grandmother doing well in Korea?

You can understand that 할머니 “grandmother” is the sentence’s topic.
So, you add 께서는 after 할머니 to say 할머니께서는.

② 께서 is the honorific particle of 이/가 “the subject marker.”

• 윤 선생님께서 한국어를 가르치세요.
  Teacher Yoon teaches Korean.

Here, you attach 께서 after 윤 선생님 to say 윤 선생님께서 and mark “Teacher Yoon” as the subject of the sentence.

③ 에게 “to~” becomes 께.

• 저는 주말마다 부모님께 편지를 씁니다.
  I write a letter to my parents every weekend.

You add 께 after 부모님 to say 부모님께 “to parents.”

Basic forms of honorifics and exceptions

❶ (으)시다
Let’s examine how to make basic forms of honorifics and some exceptions.

You can make the basic honorific form if you add -(으)시다 to the verb’s stem.
I will tell you how to make it.

If a final consonant is in the verb’s stem, add + +으시다.
If there is no final consonant, you add +시다.

Now, let’s look at some examples without a final consonant.

가다 → 가 + 시다 → 가시다 “to go”

Since 가다 “to go” does not have a final consonant, you attach 시다 to say 가시다 “to go.”

웃다 → 웃 + 으시다 → 웃으시다 “to laugh”

Next, let’s see the stem with a final consonant.

웃다 “to laugh” has ㅅ final consonant, so you add 으시다 to say 웃으시다 “to laugh.”

살다 → 사 + 시다 → 사시다 “to live”

살다 “to live” has ㄹ final consonant.
Here, you have to pay extra attention! Because this is ㄹ irregular.

You drop ㄹ, goodbye ㄹ, and attach 시다 to say 사시다 “to live.”

You can make the basic honorific forms based on these rules, but there are some exceptions that you have to memorize.

As in the conversation, the basic honorific form of 있다 “to be” is 계시다.

The honorific form of 먹다 “to eat” and 마시다 “to drink” is 드시다 “to eat and drink.”
드시다 can go with the meanings of “to eat’ and ‘to drink.”

The honorific form of 자다 is 주무시다 “to sleep.”
The honorific form of 주다 is 드리다 “to give.”
The honorific form of 말하다 is 말씀하시다 “to say/speak.”
The honorific form of 죽다 “to die” is 돌아가시다 “to pass away.”

❷ (으)세요

Let’s learn how to make honorific sentences.

You can use “stem+(으)세요” to make a polite sentence.
We have three patterns of use.

When there is a final consonant, you add -으세요, and when there is no final consonant, you add -세요.
Then, let’s go through them one by one.

First, when there is a final consonant, you add –으세요.

• 선생님께서는 책을 읽으세요.
  The teacher is reading a book.

Here, since 읽다[익따] “to read” has ㄺ final consonant, you connect with -으세요 to say 읽으세요.

When there is no final consonant, +십니다/세요.

• 아주 건강하세요.
  She is very healthy.

Here, 건강하다 “to be healthy” does not have a final consonant, so you connect with 세요 to say 건강하세요.

ㄹ drop out: Drop the final consonant ㄹ and add +십니다/세요

For the words that have the ㄹ final consonant, you need to eliminate the ㄹ final consonant, goodbye ㄹ, and add -세요.

• 대기 번호를 아세요?
  Do you know the waiting number?

Here, 알다 “to know” has ㄹ final consonant.
So, you have to remove ㄹ and attach -세요? to say 아세요? “Do you know?”

Quiz

What goes in the bracket?

1. 선생님께서 교실에 (          ).
The teacher is coming to the classroom.

(1)오세요 (2)가세요

The answer is (1).
오다 “to come” does not have a final consonant, so you connect 세요 to say 오세요.

The whole sentence would be 선생님(께서) 교실에 (오세요).

2. 할아버지께서는 9시에 (          ).
My grandfather goes to sleep at 9:00.

(1)웃으세요 (2)주무세요

The answer is (2).
The honorific word of 자다 “to go to sleep” is 주무시다, so we say 주무세요.

The whole sentence would be 할아버지께서는 9시에 (주무세요).

Conversation (Korean only)

Let’s try listening to it again, but, it is only in Korean this time.
You can pay more attention to honorific forms.

그럼 확인해 보세요！

• 토미：상민 씨 할머니께서는 한국에서 잘 지내세요?
• 상민：네. 올해 74 살이 되시고 아주 건강하세요.
• 토미：역시 건강이 무엇보다 중요하죠.
• 상민：맞아요. 토미 씨 부모님께서는 잘 계세요?
• 토미：네. 두 분 다 잘 계세요.
• 매주 월요일마다 노래방에서 노래도 힘차게 부르세요.

Conversation Practice

Let’s imagine to become Tammy and Sangmin and read it outloud.

그럼 큰소리로 읽어 보세요！

• 토미：상민 씨 할머니께서는 한국에서 잘 지내세요?
  Tammy： Sangmin, is your grandmother doing well in Korea?
• 상민：네. 올해 74 살이 되시고 아주 건강하세요.
  Sangmin： Yes. She is 74 years old this year and is in very good health.
• 토미：역시 건강이 무엇보다 중요하죠.
  Tammy： After all, health is the most important thing, isn’t it?
• 상민：맞아요. 토미 씨 부모님께서는 잘 계세요?
  Sangmin： That’s right. How are your parents doing, Tammy?
• 토미：네. 두 분 다 잘 계세요. 매주 월요일마다 노래방에서 노래도 힘차게 부르세요.
  Tammy： Yes. Both are doing well. Every Monday, they sing songs at Karaoke with lots of energy.

Homework

It’s almost the end! I will announce two assignments.
① For the first homework assignment, please write two sentences using honorifics.

You can tell me about the hobbies and daily life of someone older than you, such as your parents, grandparents, or boss.

If I were you, I would make it like this.

• 우리 아버님께서는 아침 다섯 시에 일어나세요.
  My father is waking up at five in the morning.

• 그 후에 세수하시고 스트레칭하세요.
  After that, he washes his face and stretches his body.

② The second homework is memorizing vocabulary.
Please memorize the 40 words from #561 to #600 on page 8 of the Elementary Vocabulary List.
You can take a FREE vocabulary quiz on these 40 words on my website. Please try it out.

That’s all for today.
그럼 오늘도 행복 가득, 웃음 가득한 하루 되세요！ 한국어 화이팅, 화이팅, 화이팅！！