안녕하세요. 토미입니다.
Let’s have fun learning Korean today!
Today’s grammar is
① -(으)므로 “because~, since~”
② -(이)나 -(이)나 할 것 없이 “regardless of~ or~”
③ -느니/(으)니만큼 “to the extent that ~, because”
After you learn these, you will be able to express something popular among many people, just like
청소년이나 성인이나 할 것 없이 모두가 그 드라마에 빠져 들었어요!
Regardless of whether they were teenagers or adults, everyone was into the drama!
Let’s learn these unique expressions in Korean, pass TOPIK II Level 4, and become a master of Korean!
I am sure you guys can achieve it. 그럼 시작할게요！
-(으)므로
Verbs • Adjectives(without a final consonant) + 므로
Verbs • Adjectives(with a final consonant) + 이므로
Nouns + 이므로
[Past tense]Verbs + 았/었으므로
The first grammar -(으)므로 means “because, since.”
As you can see, this grammar expresses reasons or causes and appears in written words.
In other words, it’s a formal and serious expression you will see mostly in official announcements or documents.
The ending of a sentence should always be the 한다 form or the 합니다 form, and Korean people hardly use this with the 요 form.
It sounds weird if you use the ” 요 form because a casual word comes right after an elegant expression.
It’s just like you pair elegant clothes with slippers.
-(으)므로 is mainly used in verbs and adjectives.
If a verb stem does not have a final consonant, you attach -므로.
For example, 가다 “to go” does not have a final consonant, so you attach 므로 to the stem to make 가므로 “go because.”
If a verb has a final consonant, you attach -으므로.
For example, 먹다 “to eat” has a final consonant, so you attach -으므로 to the stem to make 먹으므로 “eat because.”
For nouns, you can attach -이므로 regardless of final consonants.
By the way, another expression for “because, since” was used in casual conversations.
It is 니까.
So, when you want to make your writing formal, you can use -(으)므로, and in casual conversations, you can use 니까 to explain reasons and causes.
Then, let’s read a sample sentence you might hear on the news!
Verbs: Example 1
과도한 카페인 섭취는 건강을 해치므로 주의해야 한다.
Since excessive caffeine consumption can harm your health, you should be careful.
This is so true.
We should be careful of too much caffeine.
Here, 해치다 “to harm” is a verb, which does not have a final consonant.
So, you add -므로 to make 해치므로 “since (it) harms.” Then, let’s read the following sentence!
Adjectives: Example 2
요즘은 추우므로 추위에 대비할 필요가 있다.
Since it is cold these days, you should prepare for the cold.
Did you notice that the speaker sounds very rational because of the grammar 추우므로?
I hope you catch the nuance.
Here, 춥다 “to be cold” is an adjective, which the ㅂ irregular applies.
So, you remove the final ㅂ consonant, goodbye ㅂ, and add -우므로 to make 추우므로 “since (it) is cold.”
Then, let’s read the following formal sentence.
Nouns: Example 3
개인적인 의견이므로 정확하지 않을 수 있습니다.
Since it is my personal opinion, it is possibly not accurate.
OH, sounds very elegant.
Here, 의견 “opinion” is a noun. So, you add -이므로 to make 의견이므로 “since (it) is an opinion.”
Past tense: Example 4
이번 달 예약 접수는 종료하였으므로 다음 달에 예약을 하여주십시오.
Reservations for this month have closed, so please make a reservation for next month.
Adding 였으므로 to 종료하다 “to end”, it becomes 종료하였으므로 “since it has been finished.”
Quiz
Then, let’s deepen our understanding with some quizzes. Which one is the correct answer?
1. 치매는 완치가 ( ) 예방하는 것이 최선입니다.
Because it is difficult to cure dementia, it is best to prevent it.
(1)어려우므로 (2)어려으므로
The correct answer is number one!
I hope you guys could get the correct answer, but how was it?
Here, 어렵다 “to be difficult” is an adjective, which has ㅂ irregular.
So, you remove the final ㅂ consonant and add -우므로 to make 어려우므로 “because (it) is difficult.”
Number two is wrong because the correct one is 우, not 으, so please be careful the next time.
Then, let’s read it together!
치매는 완치가 (어려우므로) 예방하는 것이 최선입니다.
Please, read this part at least three times! Then, let’s look at the following quiz!
2. 출입 금지 ( ) 들어가지 마시길 바랍니다.
Since it is a restricted zone, please do not enter here.
(1)구역이니까 (2)구역이므로
The correct answer is number two!
Well, this was quite a confusing one. Here, 구역 “area” is a noun.
So, you add -이므로 to make 구역이므로 “since (it) is an area.”
Number one is inappropriate because it sounds too casual here.
Because the following sentence 들어가지 마시길 바랍니다 is a formal expression and 구역이니까 is a spoken word, it is not appropriate to use them together.
In other words, you should match formal expressions with formal ones to sound natural.
Then, let’s read it together!
출입 금지 (구역이므로) 들어가지 마시길 바랍니다.
Please, read this part at least three times!
-(이)나 (이)나 할 것 없이
Nouns(without a final consonant) + 나 -나 할 것 없이
Nouns(with a final consonant) + 이나 -이나 할 것 없이
The second grammar is -(이)나 -(이)나 할 것 없이 “regardless of N or N.”
You can use it to tell the standard features of two different things.
◉Word Point：남녀노소
Korean people often use this grammar with the word 남녀노소.
Each letter means men, women, old, and young.
So, it means “men and women of all ages.” 남녀노소 할 것 없이 means “regardless of age and gender.”
You can also apply this grammar to a noun.
If a noun has no final consonant, you attach -나.
For example, 교사 “teacher” does not have a final consonant, so you attach 나 to make 교사나 “or a teacher.”
If a noun has a final consonant, you attach -이나.
For example, 학생 a “student” has a final consonant.
So, you attach -이나 to make 학생이나 “or a student”
Now, let’s read a sample sentence.
Nouns: Example 1
여자나 남자나 할 것 없이 어울리는 운동화예요.
These are running shoes, suitable for everyone regardless of men or women.
This is a phrase that sales ladies are likely to say.
Here, 여자 “women” and 남자 “men” are nouns that do not have a final consonant.
So, you add -나 -나 할 것 없이 to make 여자나 남자나 할 것 없이 “regardless of men or women.”
Let’s look at the following sentence.
Nouns: Example 2
한국인이나 일본인이나 할 것 없이 그 배우를 좋아해요.
Regardless of whether it is Korean or Japanese, everyone loves the actor.
Wow, so he is a successful actor across the border.
Here, 한국인 “Korean people” and 일본인 “Japanese people” are nouns, which have a final consonant.
So, you add -이나 -이나 할 것 없이 to make 한국인이나 일본인이나 할 것 없이 “regardless of Korean or Japanese.”
Let’s look at the following sentence.
Nouns: Example 3
이 아이스크림은 아이나 어른이나 할 것 없이 좋아할 맛이에요.
This ice cream has a flavor everyone loves, regardless of children or adults.
Everyone loves ice cream, for sure, right?
Here, 아이 “children” is a noun that does not have a final consonant, and 어른 “adult” is a noun that has a final consonant.
So, you add -나 -이나 할 것 없이 to make 아이나 어른이나 할 것 없이 “regardless of children or adults.”
Quiz
Then, let’s deepen our understanding with some quizzes.
Which one is the correct answer?
1. 저는 ( ) 모든 운동을 좋아해요.
I like all sports, regardless of whether it is soccer or baseball.
(1)축구나 야구나 할 것 없이 (2)축구와 야구와 할 것 없이
The correct answer is number one. 축구 “soccer” and 야구 “baseball” are nouns, which do not have a final consonant. So, you add -나 -나 할 것 없이 to make 축구나 야구나 할 것 없이. You can also omit the particle and say 축구 야구 할 것 없이.
Number two is wrong because it uses the wrong particle 와 “and.” Then, let’s read it together!
저는 (축구나 야구나 할 것 없이) 모든 운동을 좋아해요.
Please read this part as if you were introducing yourself! Then, let’s look at the following quiz!
2. ( ) 할 것 없이 매일 바쁘다.
I am busy regardless of weekdays or weekends.
(1)평일도 주말도 (2)평일이나 주말이나
The correct answer is number two.
평일 “weekday” and 주말 “weekend” are both nouns that have a final consonant.
So, you add -이나 -이나 할 것 없이 to make 평일이나 주말이나 할 것 없이 “regardless of weekdays or weekends.”
Number one is wrong because if you use the particle 도, it does not sound natural. Then, let’s read it together!
평일이나 주말이나 할 것 없이 매일 바쁘다.
Please read this part again and again until you can speak it naturally.
-느니/(으)니만큼
Verbs + 느니만큼
Adjectives(without a final consonant) + 니만큼
Adjectives(with a final consonant) + 니만큼
Nouns + 이니만큼
The last grammar -느니/(으)니만큼 means “to the extent that ~, because.”
For verbs, you attach -느니만큼 regardless of a final consonant. So, it is as easy as ABC! right?
For adjectives, you attach -(으)니만큼. If an adjective has a final consonant in the stem, you add -니만큼.
For example, 기쁘다 “to be happy” does not have a final consonant.
So, you attach -니만큼 to the stem to make 기쁘니만큼 “to the extent that (I) am happy~.”
If an adjective has a final consonant in the stem, you add -으니만큼 to the stem.
For example, 좋다 “to be good” has a final consonant, so you attach 으니만큼 to make 좋으니만큼 “to the extent that (I) am good~.”
For nouns, you attach -이니만큼 regardless of a final consonant.
Then, let’s read a sample sentence.
Verbs: Example 1
열심히 공부하느니만큼 좋은 성적을 거둘 수 있을 거예요.
If you study hard, you can achieve a good grade.
Here, 공부하다 “to study” is a verb.
So, you attach -느니만큼 to make 공부하느니만큼 “to the extent that (you) study.”
The verb 거두다 “to achieve, to gain” is also a good word for intermediate learners.
You can memorize this word as well. Then, let’s read an adjective sentence.
Adjectives: Example 1
일이 바쁘니만큼 얻는 게 있을 거야.
To the extent you are busy, there will be something you will gain.
Here, 바쁘다 “to be busy” is an adjective, which does not have a final consonant.
So, you add -니만큼 to make 바쁘니만큼 “to the extent (you) are busy.”
Then, let’s look at a sentence with a noun.
Nouns: Example 1
처음 하는 일이니만큼 잘 모르는 것도 많을 거예요.
Because it is a thing that you do for the first time, there will be many things you will not understand well.
Here, 일 a “thing” is a noun.
So, you add -이니만큼 to make 일이니만큼 “because it is a thing that ~.”
The direct translation would be “to the extent that it is a thing,” but I changed it a little so you can understand the content.
Quiz
Then, let’s deepen our understanding with some quizzes. Which one is the correct answer?
1. 시간이 오래 ( ) 만큼 느긋하게 기다려야 돼.
I should wait and relax to the extent that it takes a long time.
(1)걸리느니 (2)걸리므로
The correct answer is number one.
걸리다 “to take (time)” is a verb.
So, you add -느니만큼 to make 걸리느니만큼.
Number two is wrong because it is the first grammar rule we learned today.
Do you remember that?
That grammar expresses reasons or causes and will not combine with the 요 form.
Then, let’s read it together!
시간이 오래 (걸리느니) 만큼 느긋하게 기다려야 돼.
Then, let’s look at the following quiz!
2. 인원이 ( ) 만큼 개개인의 부담이 좀 클 수 있어요.
To the extent that there are only a few employees, the burden on individuals could be a bit too big.
(1)작으니 (2)적으니
The correct answer is number two.
These are so confusing, aren’t they?
I created this sentence, but even for me, the two looked the same at first glance.
How about you?
Here, 적다 “to be a few” is an adjective with a final consonant.
So, you add -으니만큼 to make 적으니만큼 “To the extent, there are a few.”
Number one is wrong because 작으니 means “to be small.” Then, let’s read it together!
인원이 (적으니) 만큼 개개인의 부담이 좀 클 수 있어요.
Please read this part again and again until you can say it naturally!
Homework
Alright! It’s time to give you homework!
But before that, I will introduce a famous quote that uses today’s grammar.
It’s a quote by the inventor, Thomas Edison.
나는 낙심하지 않는다. 모든 잘 못된 시도는 전진하기 위한 또다른 발걸음이므로.
I am not discouraged because every wrong attempt discarded is another step forward.
Pay attention to 발걸음이므로 “because it is another step forward…”
This expression touches my heart. Don’t you feel the same way, do you?
If the part is 발걸음이니까, the meaning is the same, but the word choice affects how profound the meaning becomes. It’s interesting, isn’t it?
The quote moves me so much, so now come on, homework!
There are two assignments. First, please make three sentences using today’s grammar.
① Please use -(으)므로.
For example,
- 감염 위험이 있으므로 항상 주의를 기울여야 한다.
Since there is a possibility of infection, you should always be careful.
Please keep in mind that you always use the grammar -므로, with the 한다 form or the 합니다 form.
② Please use -(이)나-(이)나 할 것 없이.
For example,
- 밤이나 낮이나 할 것 없이 한국어를 공부해요.
Regardless of day or night, I study Korean.
How about you?
You guys study all the time, regardless of the time.
③ Please use -느니/(으)니만큼 “to the extent ~.”
For example,
- 한국어를 가르치는 일이니만큼 저는 항상 한국과 관련된 뉴스를 보고 있어요.
To the extent that I do the job of teaching Korean, I always watch news related to Korea.
I hope you guys understand the exact usage of each grammar and make your sentences.
The second homework is to memorize new words.
Please memorize the forty words from number 881 to number 920 on page 12 in the intermediate vocabulary list.
My website has a vocabulary quiz of forty words, so feel free to try it.
The link is in the description box.
That’s pretty much for today!
You guys did a great job! Now that you all study intermediate Korean, there are more and more ways to express yourself, and I am so excited to teach more useful expressions.
그럼 오늘도 행복 가득, 웃음 가득한 하루 되세요！
한국어 화이팅, 화이팅, 화이팅！！
Vocabulary Test : 40 Questions
